The Moon is Earth's only permanent natural satellite and the brightest celestial object in the night sky after the Sun. It is a large, rocky body that orbits Earth, reflecting light from the Sun.

Key Characteristics

• Formation: The most widely accepted theory is that the Moon formed about 4.5 billion years ago from the debris of a massive collision between the early Earth and a Mars-sized object named Theia.
• Size and Mass: The Moon's diameter is about 3,476 kilometers (2,160 miles), which is roughly one-quarter the size of Earth. Its mass is about 1/81 of Earth's, resulting in a surface gravity that is only one-sixth of Earth's gravity.
• Orbit and Rotation: It takes approximately 27.3 Earth days for the Moon to complete one orbit around Earth and one rotation on its axis. This synchronous rotation means the same side of the Moon (the near side) always faces Earth.
• Surface: The lunar surface is airless and pockmarked with thousands of impact craters, mountains, and large, dark, flat plains called maria (Latin for "seas"). These maria were formed by ancient volcanic lava flows that filled impact basins billions of years ago. The surface is covered in a layer of fine, grey dust and broken rock called regolith.
• Atmosphere: The Moon has a very thin and weak atmosphere, more accurately described as an exosphere, so it has no weather or wind to cause erosion.
• Temperature Extremes: Without a thick atmosphere to regulate temperature, the Moon experiences extreme conditions. Temperatures can reach about 127°C (260°F) in direct sunlight and plummet to around -173°C (-280°F) in the shade.
• Water: Water ice has been confirmed to exist in permanently shadowed craters, particularly near the lunar poles, where temperatures are extremely low.
• Influence on Earth: The Moon's gravitational pull is the primary cause of Earth's ocean tides.

Gain a world-class Doctorate without quitting your job. Designed for Working Professionals

workshop for writers who want to regularly get published. It's called The Write, Edit, Publish Plan.

This course gives you a simple process for going from the blank page to getting your words in print – and then builds the habit of repeating the process, so you can get published again and again.

During this course Ella Peary will give you personal feedback on your writing, a list of publishers who are good fit for your work, and a personal one-on-one consultation – all designed to guide you through the complete process of writing, editing, and publishing your work. 

Ella’s thoughtful style, her experience as an author, and her work as an editor for Authors Publish make this course a wonderful opportunity.

Every previous session of this cours has sold out. If you’re interested in participating, I encourage you to learn more right away.

If you want to add more gluten free and dairy free recipes to your recipe box, Larb Salad might be a recipe you should try. This main course has 236 calories, 13g of protein, and 13g of fat per serving. This recipe serves 8 and costs $1.5 per serving. This recipe from Foodista requires basil leaves, thinly- green onions, garlic, and cup chicken stock. From preparation to the plate, this recipe takes about 45 minutes. Only a few people made this recipe, and 2 would say it hit the spot. Overall, this recipe earns a pretty good spoonacular score of 48%. If you like this recipe, you might also like recipes such as Larb Salad, Thai Larb Chicken Salad, and Larb Gai - Thai Chicken Salad. Read More

As the application deadline approaches, we are here to help you get ready.

We seek in-depth information about your personal motivation and skills in order to understand how this program will help you achieve your professional goals.

High-quality professional experience in innovation and/or entrepreneurship, will play a key role in the success of your application.

The final selection is based on your online application, plus written essays, recommendations, and an online video presentation of your project and motivations.

Still have questions? Send an email to msie@hec.fr to receive additional information about the programme and application process.

Upcoming deadline:

Monday  ·  November 17, 2025

Open your application

Apply for the MSc and Executive MSc in Innovation and Entrepreneurship

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Start an application and submit the following documents:

1) A 3-minute online video pitch focusing on your motivations for participating in the program. Highlight examples demonstrating an entrepreneurial mindset during your career.
2) Submit your answers to the essay questions regarding your motivations to joining the program and professional background.
3) 2 online recommendation forms.
4) A copy of your university transcripts, a copy of your degree, and resumé (CV).

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Don’t meet the requirements yet? Explore the University Certificates

Applicants who do not meet the minimum eligibility criteria but have demonstrated strong academic performance in the HEC University Certificate programs will be considered for admission and should apply.

Explore the Certificates

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